Nuevo convertidor de potencia para la reducción de los problemas derivados de la tensión de modo común en el tren de tracción de los vehículos eléctricos.

374 p.Los sistemas de propulsión de los vehículos eléctricos se enfrentan al problema recurrente de la tensión de modo común (CMV), la cual produce serios problemas en los motores cuando se accionan por inversores que se controlan con estrategias de modulación basadas en la modulación por ancho de pulso. La conmutación de los dispositivos produce formas de onda de tensión desequilibradas que oscilan a altas frecuencias y producen una forma de onda de CMV perjudicial para el sistema de propulsión. Como la tendencia de los fabricantes de vehículos eléctricos consiste en aumentar la tensión de las baterías (sistemas de 800 V) y la velocidad de rotación de los motores (aumentando la frecuencia de conmutación), los problemas de la CMV se pueden hacer más frecuentes, lo cual puede provocar un mal funcionamiento del motor o incluso un fallo total del sistema. Considerando lo anterior, en esta tesis doctoral se propone y se analiza detalladamente un nuevo convertidor de potencia, denominado ZVR-D2, el cual se evalúa mediante simulaciones que permiten, por un lado, analizar detalladamente sus prestaciones y, por otro lado, permiten compararlo frente a otras soluciones que han sido previamente propuestas por otros autores. Además, se ha desarrollado un prototipo de este inversor de automoción a escala para validar experimentalmente el concepto de la reducción de la CMV. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se demuestra el alto desempeño del convertidor, logrando reducir esta tensión y, al mismo tiempo, buscando un equilibrio entre el resto de sus prestaciones

Proposal of Hybrid Discontinuous PWM Technique for Five-Phase Inverters under Open-Phase Fault Operation

One of the most common issues in inverters are open-circuit faults (OPF). In this scenario, a proper fault-tolerant technique must be used to improve the motor performance. Although basic fault-tolerant modulation techniques are normally preferred, this paper proposes a discontinuous pulse-width modulation algorithm (HD-PWM) to operate five-phase inverters under a single OPF. In particular, loss equalization between the remaining switches after a fault occurs is the main objective of the HD-PWM algorithm, thus preventing future faults from occurring. The efficiency and harmonic distortion of the proposed technique are compared to the well-known sinusoidal PWM by simulation and experimentation under OPF conditions. The results obtained show a great performance of the proposed modulation technique, obtaining a relevant efficiency improvement.This work has been supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the fund for research groups of the Basque University system IT1440-22 and the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 within the project PID2020-115126RB-I00

A methodology to determine reliability issues in automotive SiC power modules combining 1D and 3D thermal simulations under driving cycle profiles

Current environmental concerns and fuel scarcity are leading to the progressive introduction of Electric Vehicles (EV) in the global fleet vehicle population. This requires significant design and research efforts from scientific community and industry to provide reliable automotive electric propulsion systems. The power modules used for automotive traction inverters can be considered as central elements of such systems. As they are subject to high electro-thermal stress during operation, Design-for-Reliability (DfR) approaches should be adopted. Thus, accurate models for electro-thermal simulations are relevant since the early design stages. However, such simulations become highly time consuming and complex when accurate thermal characterization through standardized or real driving conditions needs to be provided. In this context, this work proposes a simulation methodology that combines real-time simulation for electro-thermal characterization of the whole EV propulsion system, using a 1D equivalent thermal impedance circuit, in conjunction with 3D FEM thermal simulation. In this way, an accurate thermal characterization of the power module under driving cycles with long duration (of hundreds of seconds) can be obtained without computing heavy 3D FEM simulations. The proposed procedure allows to simplify and speed up the early design stages while maintaining high accuracy in the results.This work has been supported by the Department of Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Government within the fund for research groups of the Basque university system IT978-16, by the Government of the Basque Country within the research program ELKARTEK as the project ENSOL (KK-2018/00040), and by the program to support the education of researches of the Basque Country PRE_2017_2_0008

High-Voltage Stations for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging: Trends, Standards, Charging Modes and Comparison of Unity Power-Factor Rectifiers

Emission of greenhouse gases and scarcity of fossil fuels have put the focus of the scientific community, industry and society on the electric vehicle (EV). In order to reduce CO2 emissions, cutting-edge policies and regulations are being imposed worldwide, where the use of EVs is being encouraged. In the best of scenarios reaching 245 million EVs by 2030 is expected. Extensive use of EV-s requires the installation of a wide grid of charging stations and it is very important to stablish the best charging power topology in terms of efficiency and impact in the grid. This paper presents a review of the most relevant issues in EV charging station power topologies. This review includes the impact of the battery technology, currently existing standards and proposals for power converters in the charging stations. In this review process, some disadvantages of current chargers have been identified, such as poor efficiency and power factor. To solve these limitations, five unidirectional three-phase rectifier topologies have been proposed for fast EV charging stations that enhance the current situation of chargers. Simulation results show that all the proposed topologies improve the power factor issue without penalizing efficiency. The topologies with the best overall performance are the Vienna 6-switch and the Vienna T-type rectifier. These two converters achieve high efficiency and power factor, and they allow a better distribution of losses among semiconductors, which significantly increase the life-cycle of the semiconductor devices and the reliability of the converter.This work was supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country through the Fund for Research Groups of the Basque University System under Grant IT978-16, in part by the Research Program ELKARTEK under Project ENSOL2-KK-2020/00077 and Project HARVESTGEN-KK-2020/00113, in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain under Project PID2020-115126RB-I00, and in part by the FEDER Funds. Documen

Common-Mode Voltage Elimination in Multilevel Power Inverter-Based Motor Drive Applications

[EN] The industry and academia are focusing their efforts on finding more efficient and reliable electrical machines and motor drives. However, many of the motors driven by pulse-width modulated converters face the recurring problem of common-mode voltage (CMV). In fact, this voltage leads to other problems such as bearing breakdown, deterioration of the stator winding insulation and electromagnetic interferences (EMI) that can affect the lifespan and correct operation of the motors. In this sense, multilevel converters have proven to be a useful tool for solving these problems and mitigating CMV over the past few decades. Among other reasons, because they provide additional degrees of freedom when comparing with two-level converters. However, although there are several proposals in the scientific literature on this topic, no complete information has been reviewed about the CMV issues and the different multilevel alternatives that can be used to solve it. In this context, the objective of this work is to determine how multilevel power converters provide additional degrees of freedom to make the reduction of the CMV possible by using specific modulation techniques, making it easier for engineers and scientists in this field to find solutions to this problem. This document consists of a descriptive study that collects the strengths and weaknesses of most important multilevel power converters, with special emphasis on how CMV affects each of them. In addition, the differences of modulation techniques aimed to the CMV reduction are explained in terms of output voltage, operating linear range, and generated CMV. Considering this last, it is recommended to use those modulation techniques that allow the generation of CMV levels of 0 V in order to be able to completely eliminate said voltage.This work was supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the Fund for Research Groups of the Basque University System under Grant IT978-16; in part by the Research Program ELKARTEK under Project ENSOL2-KK-2020/00077; in part by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya; in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades of Spain under Project PID2019-111420RB-I00 and Project PID2020-115126RB-I00; and in part by the FEDER Funds

The role of power device technology in the electric vehicle powertrain

In the automotive industry, the design and implementation of power converters and especially inverters, are at a turning point. Silicon (Si) IGBTs are at present the most widely used power semiconductors in most commercial vehicles. However, this trend is beginning to change with the appearance of wide-bandgap (WBG) devices, particularly silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). It is therefore advisable to review their main features and advantages, to update the degree of their market penetration, and to identify the most commonly used alternatives in automotive inverters. In this paper, the aim is therefore to summarize the most relevant characteristics of power inverters, reviewing and providing a global overview of the most outstanding aspects (packages, semiconductor internal structure, stack-ups, thermal considerations, etc.) of Si, SiC, and GaN power semiconductor technologies, and the degree of their use in electric vehicle powertrains. In addition, the paper also points out the trends that semiconductor technology and next-generation inverters will be likely to follow, especially when future prospects point to the use of “800 V" battery systems and increased switching frequencies. The internal structure and the characteristics of the power modules are disaggregated, highlighting their thermal and electrical characteristics. In addition, aspects relating to reliability are considered, at both the discrete device and power module level, as well as more general issues that involve the entire propulsion system, such as common-mode voltage.This work has been supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country through the fund for research groups of the Basque University System IT1440-22 and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain as part of project PID2020-115126RB-I00 and FEDER funds. Finally, the collaboration of Yole Développement (Yole) is appreciated for providing updated data on its resources

A 3D Reduced Common Mode Voltage PWM Algorithm for a Five-Phase Six-Leg Inverter

Neutral point voltage control converters (NPVCC) are being considered for AC drive applications, where their additional degree of freedom can be used for different purposes, such as fault tolerance or common mode voltage (CMV) reduction. For every PWM-driven converter, the CMV is an issue that must be considered since it can lead to shaft voltages between rotor and stator windings, generating bearing currents that accelerate bearing degradation, and can also produce a high level of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In light of these considerations, in this paper a three-dimensional reduced common mode voltage PWM (3D RCMV-PWM) technique is proposed which effectively reduces CMV in five-phase six-leg NPVCCs. The mathematical description of both the converter and the modulation technique, in space-vector and carrier-based approaches, is included. Furthermore, the simulation and experimental analysis validate the CMV reduction capability in addition to the good behaviour in terms of the efficiency and harmonic distortion of the proposed RCMV-PWM algorithm.This work has been supported in part by the Government of Basque Country within the fund for research groups of the Basque University system IT1440-22 and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 within the project PID2020-115126RB-I00

Modu-komuneko tentsioa: ibilgailu elektrikoen isilpeko etsai

Guztion ahotan dauden ezaugarriak dira ibilgailu elektrikoen autonomia, bateriak kargatzeko denbora edota kostua. Baina zer gertatzen da ibilgailuen fidagarritasunarekin? Zer faktorek eragin dezakete ibilgailu elektriko bat matxuratzea eta zirkulaziotik ateratzea? Besteak beste, publiko orokorrarentzat ezezaguna den baina espezialistek ongi ezagutzen duten arazo bati egin behar dio aurre ibilgailu elektriko baten propultsiosistemak: modu komuneko tentsioari

Ibilgailu elektrikoaren joera: 2030a helburu

Geroz eta ibilgailu elektriko gehiago ikusten ditugu kaleetan eta telebistako iragarkietan. Baina zenbat itxaron behar dugu ibilgailu elektriko bat erosteko? Errentagarriak dira? Merezi dute? Asko dira ibilgailu elektrikoaren inguruan sortzen diren galderak eta mesfidantzak. Artikulu honetan, ibilgailu elektrikoak barne hartzen dituen merkatu aldakor honen zenbait zalantza argitzen dira, begirada 2030ean jarrita

Desarrollo de una librería en Simulink de la normativa J1939 de automoción para el diagnóstico y comunicación de ECUs.

[ES]El objetivo principal de este proyecto consiste en desarrollar una librería en Matlab- Simulink correspondiente a un OBD (Sistema de diagnóstico a bordo) para el vehículo eléctrico. Se pretende comprobar el correcto funcionamiento de la librería ejecutando el software en tiempo real mediante un PLC proporcionado por Tecnalia, realizando la comunicación entre PLC y PC mediante bus CAN. En este contexto, la ejecución del proyecto seguiría la metodología de software del ciclo en V con las siguientes fases principales: Desarrollo de las comunicaciones en Simulink (Plataforma PC).Implementación del software en plataformas de prototipado rápido (Dspace). Validación y testeo. Implementación final en DSP.[EN]The principal objective of this project is to develop the library in Matlab-Simulink corresponding to an OBD (On Board Diagnostic system) for electric vehicles. It is intended to check the correct operation of the library running the software in real time with a PLC provided by Tecnalia, making communication between PLC and PC by CAN bus. In this context, the implementation of the project will follow the methodology V cycle in software with the following main phases: Development of communications in Simulink (Platform PC). Software Implementation in fast prototyping platforms (DSpace). Validation and testing. Final implementation in DSP.[EU]Proiektu honen helburu nagusia ibilgailu elektrikoarentzako OBD (on-board diagnostiko sistema) bati dagokion Matlab-Simulink liburutegi bat garatzea da. Honekin, liburutegiaren funtzionamendu egokia egiaztatu nahi da horretarako Tecnaliak emandako PLC baten bitartez softwarea denbora errealean exekutatuz, CAN bus bidez PLC eta PC arteko komunikazioa eginez. Testuinguru horretan, proiektua martxan jartzeko jarraituko den metodologia V ziklo softwarea izango da hurrego fase nagusiekin: Komunikazioen garapena Simulink-en (PC plataforma). Softwarearen ezartzea protitapaketa azkarreko plataformetan (DSpace). Baieztaketa eta azterketa. DSPn azken ezarpena